Monday, June 3, 2019

History of Welfare in Ireland: Poor Law and Beveridge Report

History of Welf atomic number 18 in Ireland deplorable Law and Beveridge ReportThis makeup will briefly outline the development of social at tend provision in Ireland from 1922 to the bring in day, highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that create played a signifi sackt case in the shaping of this eudaimonia approach known as residuum offbeat. For a variety of reasons such as economic growth, unlike policy-making parties and differing well-being placement options, UKs offbeat state has gained much crisis discussion.Residual welfare is not a universal welfare mannerl rather it is a placement aimed at providing provision for those specific individuals in society that need and fit certain criteria, generally defined as the poor. Within residual welfare systems, welfare provision is considered to be a safety net, available only to those defined within the policy context as most in need, usually when the market or fami ly has failed. According to Titmuss framework from 1974, Britain represents the individual welfare system where there is a limited function of state welfare. Universal welfare is based upon the premise that welfare services are accessible to e genuinelyone, usually determined on the basis of citizenship within a nation state. The difficulty with this system is that it can be costly. therefore, a residual system is aiming to reduce those costs by apportioning provisions to only those who need them. (Mau 2001, pp. 5-9 Titmuss, R 1974, p.20).It is assistful to roll in the hay that welfare is an ambiguous term which can cause discrepancies between individuals and agencies when looking at welfare needs and services. Some individuals expect a return for each contri onlyion they make to a social system whereas enjoin are content with knowing the system is there for those that need it and that might not need wide-cuty include themself. There is a strong belief that the system should b e a premium-benefit one, where the current financiers will one day be the future users. It can also open the question of who it should be available to, how long, should they pay and are they deserving? Welfare is generally employ in three of import senses, the starting time referring to a persons refers to general well-being. Of course, well-being is an former(a)(a) term that can mean different things to different people. From a sociological framework, it generally mean having access to basic needs such as shelter and food, barely it does go beyond simply needs to achieve well being, people must have choices, and the scope to choose personal goals and ambitions. Welfare also refers to the range of services available to look after people in a add of conditions throughout their life, for example childhood, sickness and old age. (Mau 2001, pp. 4-6).Historically, the systeml of welfare which has been the most dominant model in English-speaking countries is known as residual welf are which stemmed from Poor Law (1598-1948). Poor Law was first gear implemented in 1598 and continued until 1948. This Elizabethan method aimed at providing three central aspects, a compulsory poor rate, the creation of all over fillrs of relief and the provision for setting the poor on work. It provided discretionary payments to individuals assessed as being in need. It was a harsh incisivelyice aimed at providing the bare minimum an individual would need to survive in the aim that people would rely upon it for existence, creating a dependence upon social security which would egress in a negative image of public support. It aimed to control and discipline the poor and in whatever(prenominal) ways punch by providing support that was at a lower place the lowest wage, a principle known as lowest eligibility. This law continued to be important in the delivery of many means-tested benefits until the last dickens decades of the twentieth century. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8 Williams 1989, pp. 150-4).Following on this movement in Britains welfare system, Mau (2001) stated that on some levels, a welfare state can help to repair social divisions or at least to mitigate social inequalities not only in terms of material inequalities, but also in ideological and political terms. Thus the Beveridge Report from 1942 proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three assumptions, family allowances, a national health service, and lastly full employment. It was written by Sir William Beveridge, a highly respected economist and expert on unemployment problems. Opinion polls reported that the majority of the British public satisfyingd the reports findings and wished to see them implemented as quickly as possible, seemingly relieved at the possibility of a less harsh social system than the Poor Law. The first post-war election, in June 1945, resulted in a victory for the Labour Party, devout promoters of the Beveridge Report. It quickly became the blueprint for the mod ern British welfare state, even being referred to as by any measure a landmark. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8 Williams 1989, pp. 150-4 Historic elaborates. William Beveridge, twenty-third February 2007).The Beveridge Report aimed to provide a expansive system of social insurance for an individuals whole life. Here we have the induction of the residual model that still exists to a degree in Ireland. It proposed that all working people should pay a weekly contribution to the state, in other words, tax. In return, benefits would be paid to the unemployed, the sick, the retired and the widowed, those who needed it. Beveridge wanted to ensure that there was an acceptable minimum standard of living in Britain below which nonexistence fell, very different to the aims of Poor Law. (Alcock 2003, p. 6 Mau 2001, p. 3 Schifferes, S, 26 July 2005).Changes in the welfare system have continued to the present day, post 1948, the key elements of Irelands welfare state have remained focused upon social sec urity, health, ho employ, education and children. The Welfare State was not intended to respond to poverty that was what the Poor Law had aimed to, rather its main purpose was to encourage the provision of the social services on the same basis as the public services, including medical services, roads, libraries, local community needs. In other words, it aimed to create an institutional model of welfare. (Mau 2001, pp. 3-5 ).This paper has aimed to briefly illustrate the changes in Irelands welfare system highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as residual welfare, a system, aimed to be available if and when an individual needs its services.The development and implication of welfare provision in Britain is a lengthy and complicated issue, therefore this paper aimed to provide a brief summary of some of the key events leading to its present situation known as a residual welfare system.BibliographyAlcock, P. 2003. 2nd Edition. Social Policy in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.Esping-Anderson, G 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, Oxford.Mau, S 2001. Patterns of Popular Support for the Welfare State. A Comparison of the join Kingdom and Germany. Social Research Center, Berlin.Offe, C 1987. Democracy against the Welfare State? Structural Foundations of Neoconservative Political Opportunities. In Political Theory, Vol.15, No 4, November, pp. 501-537).Page, R Silburn, R 1999. British Social Welfare in the Twentieth Century. St Martins Press Inc, Hampshire.Titmuss, R.M. 1974. Social Policy. Allen and Unwin, London.Williams, F 1989. Social Policy. A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge.bbc.cok.uk, 2007, Historic Figures. William Beveridge (1879 1963), BBC Homepage 23rd February, retrieved 23rd February 2007 from http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml.Schifferes, S 2005, Britains long road to the welfare state, BBC News 26 July, retrieved 23rd February 2007 fromhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4696391.stm.Investigation Personal applied science Mediated CommunicationInvestigation Personal Technology Mediated CommunicationTable of ContentsList of abbreviationsList of bring upsList of figures1Introduction2Analysis2.1Choice of mode2.1.1Cost2.1.2Degree of comfort2.1.3Medium singularity2.1.4Formality2.1.5Peer influence2.1.6Immediacy2.1.7Intertextuality Retrievability Navigability2.1.8Multifunction2.1.9Lack of desire for self-disclosure2.2 nature of language used2.2.1Language background2.2.2Keyboard affordance2.2.3Intimacy level2.2.4Cultural value2.3Semiotic resources2.3.1Numbering, paragraphing, colouring textual specification2.3.2Emoji, stickers, symbol2.3.3Tagging function2.3.4Telepresence indicators2.4Interweaving of media in extended interactions2.4.1Postponement2.4.2Confidentiality/ seclusion2.4.3Spatial constrain2.4.4Clarification2.4. 5Instant feature and directive influence3ConclusionReferencesFtFface-to-faceFBFacebookFMFacebook Messenger stub out 1Extract 2Extract 3Extract 4Extract 5Extract 6Extract 7Extract 8Extract 9Extract 10Extract 11Extract 12Figure 1 EmojiFigure 2 Sticker MimYamFigure 4 Green dotFigure 5 Group chatFigure 6 Message seenCommunication in todays world is profoundly affected by technological features and users perceived of their usage. Multimodal technological resources facilitate interaction beyond impermanent and spatial distance with various participation modes (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29), also correlate with users speciality choice, demeanour and psychology.In technology-mediated conference, choice of mode is decided by the setting, selecting strategy and evaluating gist of the intercourse (Joinson, 2003, p. 125), or by participants perceived affordances of the media (Herring Demarest, 2011, pp. 19-21). For instance, text can be optred over more novel medium like audio or video th anks to its richer communication markers, asynchronicity and low level of self-consciousness. In a paper by Laursen (2012, pp. 87-97), the shift from text message to call is attributed to synchronicity, immediacy, complex schooling processing, and chance for negotiation. Call also denotes some degree of intimacy involving simultaneous checking of relationship status through breath, pitch or pauses in oral vary. first appearance in communication technology also entails more types of semiosis for interaction. Hutchby (2001, p. 96) points out tele visit conversation has a distinct means of summon not by military man oral production but by the sound of the ring which signals an upcoming call that the other end of the line will pick up and respond. afterwards when Internet appears, it enables greater access to in initializeion thanks to intertextual hyperlinks or evidenceion of emotions via emoticons (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29). Added to this, (Lamy, 2006, p. 388) lists clicking a bu tton to denote conversation ended, retaining of message after the interactants have left wing the chat platform, also the help of telepresence indicators like the faded name or photo. Vandergriff (2013, pp. 8-10) focuses on the use of CMC cues in which the use of multiple exclamation mark could express assertiveness or intensified disagreement, smiley icons indicate a dispreference of an action, or turn ellipsis is understood as mitigated disapproval or openness for conversation expansion.Additionally, technology also influences our language and our self-expression. Hutchby (2001, p. 86) concerns the lack of physical context cue that makes telephone conversations commonplacely involve identification process at the beginning of the conversation. In online language analysis, Barton and Lee (2013, p. 69) and Herring and Demarest (2011, p. 4) mention gender in which male users tend use more impersonal expression and longer messages whereas female prefer to use the first person and exp ress more tippytoelings. Moreover, Barton and Lee (2013 68-69) claim that the dynamics and control over our online self-disclosure involve choosing which part of and how our identities to be revealed and accordingly present a less or more associative image in comparison to our offline identities. This regulates our online writing language and entails adjustment of language to whom we could expected or imagined.Regarding behaviour and psychology, Joinson (2003) proposes five key dimensions of tool-behaviour relationship involves synchronicity, the cues transmitted, bandwidth and cost constraints, level of anonymity, and sender-recipient exclusivity. In CMC, people may also tend to follow the hyperpersonal model (Walther et al., 2015, pp. 13-14) whereby they exaggerate perceived verity about the other interactants and use it to inform their future actions. Devices affordances may cause users to be under pressure to be constantly available for being contacted (Cumiskey Ling, 2015, p. 231). Also, online psychology and behaviour involves individual self-disclosure where people desire to express themselves (Walther et al., 2015) and act as the source of information (Sundair et al., 2015), whereas includes deindividuation in which individual identity is partially or to the full hidden (Walther et al., 2015, p.11) or self-awareness is reduced to merge in online social norms (Spears Postmes, 2015, p. 25).In a nutshell, a number of aspects related to technology-mediated communication have been investigated and is being analyze in response to the rapid development of technological applications and diverse users perceived affordances. The following part, hence, will dedicate to analyse my own use of technology for communication in the light of the reviewed studies, and hopefully brings out some contributive findings.Devices involved in this analysis were tablet, industrious phone and computer, and the tablet also has a SIM broadside reader so it can act as a mobil e phone. Soft medium analysed included Google E turn on and online information cloud, Facebook (FB), Facebook Messenger (FM) a appropriate application for send messaging or career among FB users, and Skype another application for sending text messages and making calls. All these applications are Internet-based and reposition of charge.2.1 Choice of mode2.1.1 CostCost is the first-and-foremost factor that manipulates my communication mode choice. The more the medium costs, the less likely it is to be chosen. Though the SIM card enabling domestic and external calls, mobile phone was not favoured since phone service always charged money and the fee would be burgeoned for overseas interaction. Consequently, I only employed free services like email to contact professors or Skype and FB to contact relatives and friends though all of them are approachable on telephone line. I once used mobile phone to contact an overseas go agency in the US because their line was toll-free, so I onl y had to pay a stripped-down amount of money for international dialling but I could talk on the phone as long as I want since the call fee was paid by the travel agency.2.1.2 Degree of comfortThanks to its light weight mobility and availability, Tablet was more preferred with higher comfort degree over computer with heavier weight and requiring more acts like starting, shutting down or plugging charger. Tablet was more mobile to carry along to all places such as desk, bed, classroom and in motion like walking on the street. The degree of comfort was also true to the choice of soft medium where none of my communication involved video sharing or video calling. This is explained by my preference for modes with low level of self-consciousness like texting or calling where I could good maintain interaction without being distracted by my reflection or worrying about my appearance on the screen.2.1.3 Medium uniquenessChoice of mode was restrained by the other entity and this made me stic k to only one medium. For instance, brands or organizations websites all offer visitors to leave their emails so that new reduction/ sales or upcoming events would be sent to them automatically, and the sole medium used to subscribe was email. In another case of citizen services, when I wanted to book a visa appointment via an Embassy, the office only allowed booking via mobile phone in which visitors dial the provided number to provide personal information and receive support schedule by an officer. Besides, some of my addressees only provide me their email or their FB so email or FM were the sole channels to communicate with them and no other choice of medium could be employed.2.1.4 FormalityFormality of the message and the interaction itself also decides the modes of communication. For formal communication like asking for professors supervision, excusing absence in a class session or job application, email would be a better choice. The email interface itself is more neutral and professional with separate spaces for typing subjects and contents, office font sizes, bullet and numbering, etc. to present the information in a well-organized and formal format. Those functions are not provided by the instant messaging, mobile phone SMS or calling. For informal talks like gossiping about non-academic problems, email may not be as suitable as other texting or chatting applications that allow instant response.2.1.5 Peer influenceThe medium I choose was also affected by the technology that the other entities use. If the addressees encounter some technical or personal problems, I accordingly opt for the medium that best works on their device and suit their condition. For example, my mothers eyes are far-sighted so its hard for her to navigate where to click to see inboxwood or to send text in emailing and texting. For that reason, I only used voice chatting or video calling rather than texting when communicating with her. My father, more interestingly, does not know h ow to use any smart devices and could only be approached by classic media like SMS or phone calling, so whenever I wanted to contact him phone-calling is my only resort.2.1.6 ImmediacyRegarding the immediacy in communication, email seems to be inferior to other applications like mobile phone, Skype or FM. Email could take long duration to receive a response and they are at risk of being filtered as spam or chuck out by the email account. If the recipient does not check their spam box, there is likelihood that my email never reaches them. There is also another case when sending emails to organizations/offices and my email is not instantly checked and replied until the next day because it has to queue in a line of many other enquiries sent to the offices. And of course it is very awkward and time-consuming when having an informal and closely knit chat with friends in which me and my friends keep clicking and sending emails while we can choose to text each other using FM or Skype. Th erefore, in case I need an immediate response for my communication, I prefer calling via mobile phone (if the information is urgent) or Skype or texting with FM.2.1.7 Intertextuality Retrievability NavigabilityObviously, text mode normally allows better information retrieval than call mode, and this function is more enhanced in CMC where external sources of information exchange in interaction could be accessed by all interactants and be easily navigated with one click even when the conversation has ended. For example, functions incorporated in Google email enables hard-hitting sent or received mails through typing keywords and provides capacity to upload audio, video and documents easily shared with other people who have Google account just by one click. Or in another case when I had a group chat discussing accommodation booking, we decided to type because it was easier to refer to different options by pasting the links or screen captures into the chatting box and the whole group could see exactly which hostel was being considered. Those options were retained forever in the box chat so we could retrieve them several days/months later.2.1.8 MultifunctionSometimes the consideration of hard medium between computer or Tablet is decided by the affordances of the device itself, and it is obscure that computer is more multifunctional than the other counterpart. Computer allows multi-window operating at the same time while my Tablet does not, also many acts are easier to be done on bigger screen and keyboards rather than on touch device, e.g long text processing. Multifunctional features also applied for my choice of soft medium and this could be illustrated in the comparison between email and IM via FM or Skype. Emails affordances are superior with possibility to forward a large amount of information, to format the text in highlighted forms with colouring, large font size, or underlining, or to send emails to different recipients simultaneously without letting the m know about each other (Bcc). FM or Skype undeniably has not included all those functions, they do not have a search box to type in keywords, no data cloud, no font size or bullet options, and previous messages are time-consuming to retrieve. However, their function to track whether the recipient has seen their messages made them surpass email in some cases.2.1.9 Lack of desire for self-disclosureMy choice of medium, or to be exact, the functions of medium was affected by my low desire for self-expression in which I use FB but hardly employed multimodal resources for posting, sharing, surfing, hashtag, or commenting. I have little demand for self-disclosure so I did not share the things I read, the feelings I have or the events/places I had been to on my FB page. All my interactions via FB channel were instant messaging initiated by the need to update situation of relatives and friends in my home country or exchange information about a particular problem. Even though I am a member of some FB group, I still sent mystical message to other members when they post a question that I can help instead of publicly typing my answer in the comment box.2.2 Nature of language used2.2.1 Language backgroundThe majority of my interaction with friends or relatives is translingual since we have multilingual background. Our exchange has frequent code-switching between Vietnamese and English, or in some cases three languages when I use Thai to chat with friends who know Thai. An ample evidence for this could be seen in the following extract between me and other two friends discussing about booking a room for a cruise trip (English words are highlighted in the left column)Extract 1Anhthe thoixong chac cho ten + passport de dang ky la xongThaoin the worst case th phng 8107 cng c haAnhuhh worst case cung dcrenhung tren web con nhieu lam, hon chuc phong co, ko loPhuongTh l cht xog ng hokCht li bn ngThao4 ngmail sentTra mai cha rep th e gi in cho ng lunAnhthats all and then perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to takeThaoin the worst case, is room 8107 OK?AnhYes, that worst case is OK.cheapBut dont worry, the web stills assign a lot of spare rooms, more than ten of them.PhuongThats finalized right?In the end how many people?Thao4 peoplemail sentIf he does not rep the mail until next noon, I will call him.2.2.2 Keyboard affordanceLanguages involved in my conversations are used in customized form due to keyboard. For instance, some of my Vietnamese friends did not have keyboard allowing typing tone markers or special Vietnamese characters, so their message were written in reduced Vietnamese. Though in some rare occasion did this obstruct our communication, the conversation generally went smooth because all interactants have Vietnamese as mother-tounge. Take the message from the following extract as an illustration, the friend that customized language is AnhExtract 2Original message amount languageTranslated messageAnhthe thoixong chac cho ten + passpor t de dang ky la xongAnhth thixong chc cho tn + passport ng k l xongAnhthats allthen perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to registerAlso due to keyboards lacking special characters, some language not using Latin alphabet must be transliterated and in my case is Thai. There was Thai virtual keyboard but it took time and may impede makeing so it was not employedExtract 3Original messageStandard languageTranslated messageThaoUh hihi tks qun nhuHongMay pn ray krubThaoUh hihi tks qun nhuHongThaoYeah hihi thanks a lotHongYoure welcome2.2.3 Intimacy levelIntimacy is the key factor shaping the choice of language in all my communications, and the level of formality in language is accordingly adjusted. Informal language could be detected via the use and density of colloquial, emoji, stickers, slangs, swear words. When talking with close friends, I used these informal expressions uncontrollably or rampantly, but I was more conscious and limit the use of them when interacting with nor mal friends, which are exemplified in the following extractsExtract 1 with close friends (me, Trung and Ngoc). Ngoc is talking about her churn up when coming across her ex-boyfriends photos on Facebook. The language is flooded with swear word, exclamation, emoji, emphatic form like capitalisation and repetition of lettersExtract 4Thaomy c cu thn ch g k m-i ln lnh gy th lm nhmNgoct trc block ht tt c mi th mi ngi thith no vn sti gii ic hm th no xem c dm c n c ny mi dm i phti QuocNgocm phi hiu l ci nhm bn ln ca nchuyn i pht v chp nhv n lu v chp nh (net uc king)nn dm nhiu nh vc raCU TI VI (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((ThaoDo you have any incantation whenever feeling disgusted?NgocI blocked all things and all people related to himbut I still deep in thought(p) out some photosOh my godFuck it the other day I saw he and his new girlfriend fucking went trekking.oh QuocNgocU have to understand that his fucking group of friendsfrequently go trekking and take photosand eat hotpot and ta ke photos (networking)So theres a fucking bunch of photosHELP ME (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((With a normal friend. This is Doan one friend I have acquainted for about 3 months, she is talking about her travel plan for Christmas. The relationship is not too close-knit hence the language is informal enough with the use of emoji but no swear words or emphatic formsExtract 5Doanti t xmas ny c ngh dii 1 pht lunThaouh bn t cng ngh dinhng t cng khng ham i lmDoanuhThaocc bn i khu noty u hay ng uDoant i ng u, ty u v nam u5 nc1 thng lunThaom-i nc 6 ngy?DoanuhThaothy anh vit ng xin c visa phn lan th l i phn lan trc Doananh vit i finland 1 mnh m=))DoanThis Xmas we have a long holiday.We travel the whole holiday.ThaoYeah we also have long Christmas holidayBut Im not really interested in travelDoan yeahThaoWhere are you going away to travel to?Western or Eastern Europe?DoanEastern, Western and Southern Europe5 countries1 monthThao6 days per country?DoanyeahThaoI heard Mr. Viet said he had got his visa for Finlandso you start your trip in Finland?DoanNo, Mr. Viet travels to Finland by himself.

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