ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Essay

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - Essay Example In addition, the essay will discuss into details three basic aspects of sustainability and the role of companies in addressing all these three aspects, including the CSR practices as they relate to the organization. The benefits and limitations of using EMS are also discussed at length and ways of identifying and improving social impacts of companies, after which it will establish sustainability indicators when using EMS as well as outlining CSR and sustainability standards. Moreover, the essay gives a detailed discussion on matters relating to shareholder theory in CSR and standardization. Task 1 Suppliers’ Environmental Performance In essence, suppliers’ environmental performance is important to a company adopting an EMS, whether certified or not because of a number of ways. The suppliers form part of the external environment in a company, thus their contribution has significant influence in running a company. Suppliers’ power comes into play when they demand t hat retailers pay a given amount of money for the supplied goods. Lack of compliance from the side of the retailer means the supplier will not provide the goods. Taking Tesco Company as an example, the entity has an advantage over the small stores as most people tend to do all their shopping in large stores and supermarkets. This enables Tesco to have the ability to dictate the price suppliers will sell goods as failure to comply on the part of suppliers will leave them with no market to supply their goods. According to Rigby, the government needs to increase protection for suppliers and reduce their exploitation by large supermarkets (24). Tesco has a range of its own product which gives it power to fully dictate their price since it does not have to wait for suppliers to provide the goods. These products have strengthened the company’s profits and increase its competitive advantage. In 2007, the company sales were ?42,633.4 million with a 21.9% growth rate in sales (Rigby 4 4). The suppliers’ environmental assessment fits within an EMS in a number of ways. For example, it promotes ethics and cordial relationships among different suppliers who might be transacting business with the company. In an organization, ethical behavior is imperative because it plays an integral role in helping it achieves the desired environmental management system. It also forms the culture of the organization and fosters the relationship between the stakeholders. Importantly, the analysis of the organizational ethical human behavior is very essential in making ethical managerial decisions, bearing in mind the need for consistency to the international principles of running the affairs of the company. In addition, ethical human behavior presents the dynamic relations, which the company could apply to realize its vision and mission based on the outlined objectives. Therefore, ethical human behavior comprises the fundamental aspects that the people in the organization shoul d adopt in delivering better management services to the potential customers and other stakeholders. Those aspects are core when making ethical decisions about the code of behavior expected from leaders. The value of a comprehensive code of conduct to guide organizational activities is vested in the spirit of the leaders to exercise the organizational culture. As a leader, one of the primary responsibilities is to help shape a culture of

ACD-IP PBX Request for Proposal (RFP) Research Paper

ACD-IP PBX Request for Proposal (RFP) - Research Paper Example This paper will focus on comparison and assessment of different vendors for IP PBX. It will focus on the requirements of the organization. PBX is a VoIP phone system that is used to manage communications and phone calls. There are many SIP phones which have been connected and working together to achieve the desired results. It is a private branch exchange that is used to switch private calls between different VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) users that are using local lines. The users are allowed to share a certain number of external phone lines. It also has the possibility of switching calls between a VoIP users and a local user who is using local telephone lines. It can also switch two users who are using traditional lines to communicate. It does this switching in the same manner that a conventional PBX would have done. In a PBX, there would be a need to have several networks that would be used to handle voice and data communications. One of the advantages of using IP PBX is that it does not have to have different networks in order to handle voice and data communications. With IP PBX, there is converged data and voice networks. It means that it is possible to have internet access and at the same time have someone using VoIP using one line. With the use of IP PBX, there is reduced operation costs and decreased cost of maintenance. The IP PBX is owned by the enterprise. There are SIP phones, an IP PBX server, and a VoIP Gateway. In this case, the VoIP Gateway is optional. The IP PBX is the same as that of Proxy Server. The SIP clients can either be soft telephones to hardware based phones. These phones will be used in the entire process and will have the required aspects that will be used in the communication. The SIP clients will have to be registered with IP PBX server. When they want to make a call, they will have to establish a connection with the IP PBX server. The IP PBX

Carpal tunnel syndrome Essay Example for Free

Carpal tunnel syndrome Essay Video games are very popular with children all over the world, they keep kids occupied and entertained. A lot of parents are concerned about how these video games are affecting their children. Are these video games good or bad for our children? Video gaming has both positive and negative effects on children. Video games are not only entertaining but also educational; they create challenges for children to take on in order to proceed to new levels. Video gaming is also very influential with a child. That is why it is very important to monitor children while playing. There are many positive effects to playing video games. Playing a video game is a way to exercise the brain, it helps children develop skills like following directions, problem solving and hand-eye coordination that develop fine motor and spatial skills. Video games contribute a lot to education, like developing reading skills; gamers must read to get instructions, follow storylines, and get information. Gamers also become more determined because, usually they don’t succeed the first time playing a level so they try and try again until they move on to the next level. Games can provide a positive outlet for children to release bottled up frustrations the same way many sports like basketball and football do. Video games allow parents to bond with their children and play together and can be something they share in common. Of course with every good there is a bad. Most of the bad things about video games are usually blamed on the violence that is in them. Children who play more violent video games are more likely to have more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Playing too much video game keeps children indoors and become less social with family and friends. It also causes children to spend less time doing other activities like doing homework or playing sports. Some video games teach children improper morals and are easily confused between reality and fantasy. Excessive gameplay can contribute to poor performance in school and also cause a slew of health issues like obesity, video-induced seizures, postural, muscular and skeletal disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome. Children who are spending too much time playing video games may show signs of impulsive behavior and have attention problems. The effects of video games vary on children depending on the kind of parenting. Children usually imitate what they see in these video games so it’s important for parents to understand their children’s maturity level and what kind of games parents should allow their children to play. We are now living in a sophisticated and high-tech world so video games are essential to the development of children with today’s technology. The point is for parents to understand that playing video games have different effects on different children. The positives of video games definitely outweigh the negatives of video games especially with proper supervision of the children who play these video games.

Removal of Imperfections in the Market Impact

Removal of Imperfections in the Market Impact Assignment question The removal of imperfections in the market leads to an increase in efficiency in the allocation of resources. Discuss whether you agree with this view. (25 Marks) Explain what is meant by normal and abnormal profit and when such profits might occur (12 marks) Discuss the three reasons as to why people demand money, according to the liquidity preference theory. (13 marks) Table of Contents (Jump to) Assignment question List of figures QUESTION 1: The removal of imperfections in the market leads to an increase in efficiency in the allocation of resources. Discuss whether you agree with this view. QUESTION 2: Explain what is meant by normal and abnormal profit and when such profits might occur. QUESTION 3: Discuss the three reasons as to why people demand money, according to liquidity preference theory. References List of figures Figure 1: A perfect competition diagram. Figure 2: Normal profit in a perfect competition and in monopoly market. Figure 3: Abnormal profit in a perfect competition and a monopoly market. Figure 4: Combination of Transactionary , precautionary , speculative demand forming the liquidity preference graph QUESTION 1: The removal of imperfections in the market leads to an increase in efficiency in the allocation of resources. Discuss whether you agree with this view. Efficiency is about how effectively the resources such as time and materials are used to produce an end result. In economic terms, it is concerned with the relationship between scarce inputs and outputs. Different forms of efficiency need to be considered. Allocative efficiency is achieved upon good resource allocation; when no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off. It occurs when the value the consumer puts on a good or service is the same as the cost of the resources used in producing it. The main condition required for allocative efficiency in a given market is that the market price is equal to the marginal cost of supply.Total economic welfare is capitalized in this stance.[1] Productive efficiency strikes in the lead of the lowest production cost against a minimal wastage of resources. A minimal long run unit cost of production leads to productive efficiency also. Dynamic efficiency focuses on changes in the options undertaken in a market together with the quality/performance of products ought to be bought. Economists often link dynamic efficiency with the pace of innovation in a market. In figure 1, at the output Ot, where the Marginal cost (MC) = Marginal revenue (MR) for the firm, the allocative efficiency exists since the firm’s price (P) isthe marginal revenue (that is, it is able to sell any amount at the unchanged price where each extra unit sold at that price provides the marginal revenue), so MC = P. In fact, at that point more equalities subsist, for instance when MC = P= MR = AR. This means clearly to make use of the least resources possible. In turn, the minimum average cost = the bottom of the AC curve. Hence, this proves that both productive and allocative efficiency are potential occurrences in the long run only under perfect competition.[2] Inequity may still prevails in a country despite encompassing allocative efficiencyandproductive efficiency. This negates the odds perfection. Figure 1: A perfect competition diagram. In Figure 2, Imperfect competitions like monopolistic competition, monopoly and oligopoly, when producing profit maximising output, that is where MR=MC, the firm is not at its productive efficient output. That is, there is no productive efficiency since AC is not minimum. Neither is there allocative efficiency since MC is below price. Figure 2: An imperfect competition diagram The market economy and market system (price mechanism) will normally lead to efficiency in terms of lowest cost, minimum price, innovation and quality products (reliable). Efficiency should increase and markets shall boom their performance with the elimination of imperfections. However, removing all imperfections is virtually impossible due to the existence of market failures. The Market mechanism and the price mechanism do not apportion resources efficiently. Unfortunately for markets to achieve efficiency, a few conditions must be satisfied: the market must be competitive with no benefits or costs external to the market and the market buyers and sellers must be aware of all the information concerning prices and alternatives. This is however impractical to achieve and leads to market failure.[3] Market failure is a situation in the free Market system that foils the most efficient allocation of economic resources; For example when a market having being left on its own has failed to allocate resources efficiently in the case of freely-functioning markets operating without government intervention. Therefore, economic efficiency welfare cannot be maximized. This leads to a loss of economic efficiency. The government policy interventions are able to potentially remedy the problem and increase economic efficiency in case of market failure. This can also cause an inefficient allocation of resources. Market failure is a situationwhere the free market fails to pull off an optimum allocation ofresources which is possibly the outcome of market imperfections, externalities and public goods and merit goods.[4]  Market imperfection describes a situation in which the market behaviourdiffers from what it would be under perfect competition. A monopoly oran oligopoly may control the market and prevent other firms fromentering the market, restricting supply, the monopoly and oligopoly firm may be able to fix higher prices than they would be under a freemarket.In imperfect competition, there is likely to be market failure since firms who dominate their markets will attempt to charge high prices in order to make greater profit. An externality exists if a benefit is not included in the demand price or a cost is not included in the supply price. As such, market equilibrium does not achieve an efficient allocation. Positive externalities exist where a society acquires more than the producer. The latter thus produces less than the optimal social amount. Examples are health and education. Examples of negative externalities are smoking and alcohol consumption. Government interventions are vital to adjust or counteract market failure scenarios caused by negative externalities. The government opts to tax those producing in excess. Legal help also is sought in some instances. Despite that market failures can be fixed, Governments are also imperfect since their interventions are also occasionally unable to warranty a remedy or provide an efficient allocation of resources. [5] Even when the market appears to be working perfectly, we can have a problem with some goods. These are the public goods which are collectively consumed and the market may simply not supply them (e.g. street lighting) and the merit goods which areprovided by the market but in smaller amounts than are needed for the good of the state. Health and education are the most obvious ones. These may all be supplied in the â€Å"wrong† amounts, or even not supplied at all. When this occurs, it renders the market system inefficient and it is failing in this area. The free market system is able to allocate scarce economic resourcesefficiently if private costs are the same as social costs, and privatebenefits are the same as social benefits. But in the most cases, theyare not the same. It is then argued that the price mechanism fails totake into account social cost and social benefits, and therefore failsin its role to allocate resources to their optimum use. Market failureis the result of a sub optimal allocation of resources in a country. The market can fail also because of factor immobility (land, labour and capital) and the distribution of wealth and income. Increasing economies of scale may push all producers out of a market if none can charge enough to cover costs. In that case, production ceases even if it benefits society. Hence, markets fail under increasing economies of scale.[6] Hence, it can be said that the removal of imperfections do lead to an increase in efficiency in the allocation of resources. One can try to achieve this concept but can only approach close to perfection and cannot remove all the imperfections in a market system. A market where efficiency is achieved in terms of lowest cost, minimum price, innovation and quality products (reliable) is difficult to obtained and there will always exists some degree of imperfections. QUESTION 2: Explain what is meant by normal and abnormal profit and when such profits might occur. The difference between the Total Cost (TC) and Total Revenue (TR) amounts to the profit of a firm. The payment to factors of production makes up the TC. The sales of the finished good breed the TR. When TR exceeds TC, the firm makes a profit termed in economic theory supernormal or abnormal profit (ANP). When the TR is less than TC, the firm is subject to a loss termed as a sub-normal profit. When TR equals to TC, then the firm makes normal profit (NP).[7] The NP is the minimum level of profit to keep factors in their present employment. It is also equal to the opportunity cost of being in business; the profit that could have been reaped in the next alternative business. Figure 2 illustrates respectively firms in a perfect competition and a monopoly market situation earning only NP: Figure 3: Normal profit in a perfect competition and in monopoly market. The ANP is the profit in excess of NP. It is called producer’s surplus. Diagram 3 and 4 illustrates ANP in a perfect competition and a monopoly market: Figure 4: Abnormal profit in a perfect competition and a monopoly market. The principle characteristic factor between NP and ANP is that the former is the minimum requirement for factors to stay in their present employment. It also aims to competitive market situations: perfect competition and monopolistic competition. ANP points to non-competitive situations: monopoly and oligopoly. It is in fact the compensation for entrepreneur initiative and creativity. In the short-run, both types of profits transpire in any market structure – perfect competition; monopolistic competition, oligopoly or monopoly. However, in the long-run, ANP can arise only in monopoly and oligopoly due to barriers to entry. Firms in perfect competition and monopolistic competition can make only normal profits in the long run again due to the freedom to entry.[8] QUESTION 3: Discuss the three reasons as to why people demand money, according to liquidity preference theory. One can use the theory of Keynesian Liquidity Preference to answer the determinants of the demand for money. The demand for money signifies the demand for money to expend. It is money to be exploited for the immediate exchange of goods and services. The common man demands money to pay one’s daily purchases of goods and services. The daily cash transactions for a person are expected to depend on the size of one’s money income and on institutional arrangements such as the sum remunerated or the bills to be paid. Institutional arrangements have a propensity to remain unaltered. It is thus anticipated that the total demand for money for transaction purposes to depend directly on money national income.[9] Economists spot three motives to clutch money: the transaction motive, the precautionary motive and the asset (speculative) motive. The transaction demand (Tm ) for money is perfectly interest inelastic, that is, it is not responsive to interest rate changes. Whether the interest rate changes, the amount of money a person, household, firm or country holds for transactions will remain more or less unchanged, assuming income and other variables remain constant. Hence, the graph of the demand for money for transactional purpose against the quantity of money demanded is a vertical straight line.[10] The second reason is the precautionary motive. Money is here required to meet one’s unexpected expenditures. The money demanded for precautionary motive also tends to depend on the level of income, as in the case of the transactions demand. Similarly, the precautionary demand (Pm) is also interest inelastic and a vertical straight line graph. The third reason is called the speculative demand for money. Usually the amount of money in existence is more than the sum called for transactionary and precautionary purposes. The excess must be held by someone somewhere. ‘People hold â€Å"idle† cash balances?’- Keynes challenged that it is for tentative purposes. This means being constantly in possession of a stash of cash to create profit at any given opportunity. For instance, it may be lucrative to buy shares or government securities (bonds) if someone is geared up with cash at the given instant. The speculative demand for money is inversely related to interest rate and is elastic. [11] This demand for money will budge according to people’s speculation based on expectations. Secondly, it depends on business optimum. If speculators expect assets price to collapse, the demand of money will augment. Entrepreneurs will demand more money to invest in case of fruitful business. Together the three motives make up the total demand for money in a country, called the liquidity preference (LP). The diagram below illustrates the concept of each motive in a graphical way. Figure 5: Combination of Transactionary, precautionary and speculative demand forming the liquidity preference graph References Anderston, A., 2008. Economics. fifth ed. s.l.:Graficas Estella, Navarra Spain. Anderton, A., 2000. Economics. third ed. s.l.:Causeway Press Limited. Anon., 2013. Short Run And Long Run Profits Trends Economics Essay. [Online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/short-run-and-long-run-profits-trends-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 26 March 2015]. Anon., 2013. Theories Of Demand For Money And Empirical Works Economics Essay. [Online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/theories-of-demand-for-money-and-empirical-works-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 24 March 2015]. Anon., 2013. What Is Market Failure And Its Causes Economics Essay. [Online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/what-is-market-failure-and-its-causes-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 24 March 2015]. Anon., n.d. Profit. [Online] Available at: http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Profits.html [Accessed 18 March 2015]. Anon., n.d. MARKET FAILURES. [Online] Available at: http://www.AmosWEB.com [Accessed 19 March 2015]. Bà ¦kkeskov, E., 2013. Market failure. [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1937869/market-failure [Accessed 07 March 2015]. Bamford, C. et al., 2006. AS Level and A level Economics. s.l.:University of Cambridge. Grant, S. Stanlake, G., 2006. Stanlakes Introductory Economics. SJ Grant ed. s.l.:Pearson Education Limited. Lipsey, R. G. Hardbury, c., 2006. First Principles of Economics. second ed. s.l.:Oxford University Press. Vernon, R. Louis T. Wells, J., 1991. The economic environment of international business. fifth ed. s.l.:Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall. Ward, D. B. a. D., n.d. Economics for business. s.l.:Mc Graw-Hill Higher Education. [1] Anderton, A., 2000. Economics. third ed. s.l.:Causeway Press Limited. [2] Lipsey, R. G. Hardbury, c., 2006. First Principles of Economics. second ed. s.l.:Oxford University Press. [3] Anon., n.d. MARKET FAILURES. [Online] Available at: http://www.AmosWEB.com [Accessed 19 March 2015]. [4] Anon., 2013. What Is Market Failure And Its Causes Economics Essay. [Online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/what-is-market-failure-and-its-causes-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 24 March 2015]. [5] Anon., 2013. What Is Market Failure And Its Causes Economics Essay. [Online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/what-is-market-failure-and-its-causes-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 24 March 2015]. [6] Bà ¦kkeskov, E., 2013. Market failure. [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1937869/market-failure [Accessed 07 March 2015]. [7] Anon., n.d. Profit. [Online] Available at: http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Profits.html [Accessed 18 March 2015]. [8] Anon., 2013. Short Run And Long Run Profits Trends Economics Essay. [Online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/short-run-and-long-run-profits-trends-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 26 March 2015]. [9] Ward, D. B. a. D., n.d. Economics for business. s.l.:Mc Graw-Hill Higher Education. [10] Anderston, A., 2008. Economics. fifth ed. s.l.:Graficas Estella, Navarra Spain. [11] Anon., 2013. Theories Of Demand For Money And Empirical Works Economics Essay. [Online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/theories-of-demand-for-money-and-empirical-works-economics-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 24 March 2015].

Greco-Roman Influence in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Essay

Greco-Roman Influence in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra    Greco-Roman mythological images seem to dominate Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Ever since the humanist revolution started, Renaissance writers, including Shakespeare, systematically tried to revive Greek literature and Greek mythology. It was an attempt to establish an alternative authority to Catholic scholastic dogma that has the stamp of antiquity.    Shakespeare's knowledge of mythology was almost exclusively Roman, especially in relation to love and war. As a matter of truth, the Romans did not have created gods of their own, because '' They were a people of deep religious feeling, but they had little imagination.''   In fact, the influence of Greek art and literature were powerful in Rome. Thus, they adopted Greek gods, and the Greek mythological figures turned into Roman mythological figures to suit their society. For example, Ares, who is the Geek deity of war, turned into Mars, the Roman god of war. ''The Roman liked Mars better than the Greeks liked Ares,''   because Ares was not a typical deity of war, so Mars became the embodiment of military virtues and the defender of Rome.    In fact, a thorough understanding of the mythological figures and images in Antony and Cleopatra like Phoebus, Furies, Venus, Mars, Hercules and Bacchus, can be the best guideline to a perceptive interpretation of the play. These mythological figures can be mirrors which reflect the nature of a specific character or the culture of a society. Therefore, the function of these myths is very important in Antony and Cleopatra being one of the ways to approach the play.    The values and culture of the Egyptian societ... ...while once she seems to help him in putting his armor on. Hence, Cleopatra gives him the spiritual support when he goes to war.    Obviously, the previous mythological figures are not accidentally mentioned in the play. They are another source which enables the reader to understand the characters and the cultures of Rome and Egypt in   Antony and Cleopatra. Therefore, these myths are very important in an indirect approach to the play.    Bibliography Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods   and Heroes. New York: Warner Books, 1969. Miles, Geoffrey. Ed., ''A Rough Guide to the Gods''and ''A Mythical History of the World,''  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology. London: Routledge, 1999. Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. London: Longman, 1981.

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Erika Poeling 6R Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald was a great role model to many people including the members of several bands that she played in. She inspired the people of her generation and those after to pursue their dreams. She loved children that liked to play and do other fun stuff that she liked to do when she was a kid. She wanted to make people happy by singing. She is known as The First Lady of Jazz. Ella Fitzgerald was an African-American that was born on April 25th, 1917 in Newport News, Virginia. She was left in a park at age 4 by accident and got sent to an orphanage, but her mom, Temperance, was able to get her back a few days later. Her family was very poor and racial segregation was wide spread in the United States during this time. Her mom got divorced from Ella’s father, William, shortly after she was born. After the divorce, Ella and her mom moved to a town in New York called Yonkers. There, her mom got married to Joseph Da Silva. In 1923 Temperance and Joseph had a daughter and named her Frances. To help support her family during this time, Ella worked as a money runner for gamblers and bookies. Ella attended Sunday school and Bible study in addition to worship services, Here, Ella was introduced to music and singing. In school, Ella liked to dance and perform for others. When she entered fourth grade at a public school, she did not have a lot a lot friends because she did not know how to talk to others without hurting their feelings. She had to go to the school that was less expensive because they did not have that kind of money to spend on a private school. Ella had been singing since she was 4 years... ...way or something they did was bad. Older people today still listen to her music. She always had a smile on her face when she was mad or upset. She helped children to bring the dreams to a better place by practicing with them on their career. Ella liked going to the photo both to take pictures with her friends and family but she never had the time for all of the fun things because she always had to perform in a concert or on stage. Ella Fitzgerald is a great role model to kids and other adults. She shows us that hard work and determination can lead us to do great thing. She shows us that we should us the talents that we have. She inspired the people to go after their dreams and never give up on themselves. She loved children that wanted to peruse their dreams and she made them come true by helping them do the things that she loved to do when she was a kid.

Enviromental Effects of Air Pollution and the Urban Area

Air pollution has been and is a growing environmental problem that is closely related to the growth of urban settlements. While the cities and towns of the world grow larger they emit more and more toxic emissions are put out into the air. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues that surround air pollution such as the long term impacts of air pollution, the short term impacts of air pollution, the long term outlook of air pollution, the short term outlook of air pollution and the potential solutions to the air pollution problem. Air pollution is an environmental problem that affects each and every one of us to some degree and it is important to understand why air pollution happens and how we can take steps to control it. Air pollution has a direct connection with urban environments all over the world. With an increase in industrialized countries ,the of use of cars, factories and also the use of fuels such as fossil fuels that emit greenhouse gasses, like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, into the air, there has been a definite rise in air pollution over the world (Mayer, 1999). There are many short term effects that air pollution causes to the urban areas and to the people who are living in those areas. The first short term effect of air pollution is that it can cause health issues for the inhabitants of the area. Air pollution can cause the inhabitants to get itchy throats and irritated eyes. It also has been linked to causes bronchitis and pneumonia (Silverman, et al, 2007). Short term air pollution exposer can also cause an increase the rate of allergy infections and asthma diagnosis to the people who live in the area. The short term effects on environment range from smog clouds can cause the health issues, like the ones previously mentioned (Silverman, et al, 2007). There are also long term effects of air pollutions that are very serious to the environment and the people who live in high polluted areas. Long term air pollution exposer can have devastating effects on the health of the people who live in the area. Some of the health risks that have been linked to long term exposer consist of chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and damage to the brain, kidney’s or liver (Mayer, 1999). Children who are living in a highly polluted area risk developing theses diseases at a higher rate the normal children who do not have long term exposed to air pollution. Long term air pollution also has devastating effects on the environment. One of the more serious effects is that air pollution is slowly deteriorating the Ozone layer. The Ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and it plays an important role in protecting the earth from the suns ultraviolent rays. Due to the increase in greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, the Ozone has developed holes and this allows harmful ultraviolet B-radiation to reach the earth. The increase of B-radiation is harmful to humans, plants and animals, and it is a known cause of Melanoma. The increase of B-radiation is always extremely harmful to plants. It causes a decrease in plant growth, height and damage to the leaves of plants (Tong, 2011). There are some potential ways to reduce, but not fully solve, the air pollution problem that is effect most urban areas. One of the ways that the countries around the world have decided to reduce air pollution was in 1997 at a United Nations conference in Kyoto, Japan. During the conference countries signed a treaty, the Kyoto Protocol promising to combat global warming by reducing the emission s of harmful greenhouse gasses that a produced my industrial factories. Unfortunately, claiming that that the treaty was not in the best interest for their county, the United States did not sign the treaty (Murray, 2001). Another potential way to reduce air pollution is through technology advancement. Using the new technologies to replace fossil fuels, such as coal burning and oil use, would substantial lower the gas emissions that cause air pollution and eventually cause the ozone layer to deplete. The short term outlook of air pollution on urban society is somewhat hopeful. Many cities and countries have begun or are beginning to take action in reducing the amount of pollution that is released into the air by the industries, cars and citizens. Many cities have started using different sources of energy, like solar power, in place of the fossil fuel energy sources that are the main contributors to air pollution. The long term outlook of air pollution is that, with many countries pledging to reduce the pollution over the coming years, the levels of air pollution will be lower in the future. Unfortunately, there is much debate over how greenhouse gases affect the ozone layer and global warming. Until this debate is over and people can agree, not enough action will be taken to help reduce the air pollution in the urban setting.